Problem Identified
First off, thank you very, very much for all your suggestions. It's like having the best 24x7 tech support in the world.Second, here's the problem. I have a spam filter called Cloudmark Desktop, which I have had an incredibly positive experience with--it's easy to use, totally effective, and I couldn't be happier.
Unfortunately, there appears to have been some kind of "event" yesterday around the time my Outlook stopped working that affected quite a few other people, too. Here's a link to the thread in their forums.
People are pretty pissed off, understandably.
There's a recommended procedure to fix this (uninstall, rename a folder, reinstall) recommended by a forum user, and it appears to have worked for people. I'm leaving for work, but I'm going to try it as soon as I get back home.
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